The immune system ? ArticlesHelp.org

An international consortium of research, which involved two Spanish centers, has conducted the largest genomic study on multiple sclerosis. Scientists have discovered 29 new genetic variants associated with this neurodegenerative disorder, have ratified the presence of 23 other previously described and found five most highly suspected to play a role. Most of the markers identified are related to the functioning of the body?s defense system.
?It is now clear that the disease is primarily immune and this has important implications for future therapeutic strategies, ?says Alastair Compston, a researcher at the University of Cambridge (United Kingdom) who heads the study published in the latest edition of ?Nature? . Tips For Muscle Building
Multiple sclerosis is caused by damage that occurs on the nerve fibers and their protective coating (myelin sheath) in the brain and spinal cord. This results in an impairment of neural structures responsible for actions such as seeing, walking and bladder control. The new study will help explain the devastating immune system attack on the brain and spinal cord.
Pablo Villoslada, Center for Neuroimmunology at the Hospital Cl?nic of Barcelona and author of the study, believes it has managed to find ?the fingerprints of multiple sclerosis in the human genome. ? Each of the markers identified contributes very little to the development of the disease, but together can have a crucial role in the risk.
As for the fact that genetic variants are found almost exclusively associated with the immune system, says Villoslada has been no surprise. However, points out that until now it was unclear whether the immune system was ?the cause or consequence.? Everything seems to point to the first possibility. Manuel Comabella, Research Institute, Hospital Vall d?Hebron in Barcelona and co-author of the research, emphasizes that ?not found any gene linked to brain or spinal cord, ?which are the target organs of the disease.
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The work has not only ratified the involvement of the body?s defense system, but the precise mechanisms that lead to the damage suffered by patients. The main culprits are the T lymphocytes, which are a type of blood cells whose role is to organize the immune response against foreign substances, but when they ?work? properly can attack the body itself, triggering an autoimmune process .
Genetic defects presenting the DNA of those affected by multiple sclerosis favor the migration of T cells to the brain , where they attack the myelin sheaths that protect nerve fibers. Under normal conditions, this ?journey? is not possible because the so-called blood-brain barrier becomes practically insurmountable entry of any foreign element to the brain.
One third of the genes identified in this study have been described previously in relation to other autoimmune diseases such as Crohn?s disease or type 1 diabetes. This indicates that these diseases could share the same biological processes.
The new work provides important clues to better understand disease and develop increasingly effective treatments. However, researchers caution that it is only one piece of the puzzle. At last, after all, is a complex disease in which the genetic component, determined by multiple genes, is not the only important element. They are also critical environmental factors, among which are outstanding on vitamin D deficiency and viral infections , particularly those caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
According Villoslada, ?this work is a direct application of the Human Genome Project to study the disease.? It is based on the use of new technologies to find the genetic basis of multiple sclerosis. The researchers analyzed DNA from more than 9,700 patients and 17,300 healthy individuals. ?Thanks to the massive sequencing methods we could see the genome in great detail ?, says the researcher. This deployment means guarantees ?that found genetic associations are final
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